Use of non-alphabetic languages (e.g. Chinese pictogrraphs) in information system Essay Example for Free

Use of non-alphabetic languages (e.g. Chinese pictogrraphs) in information system Essay One of the problems of information flow in the network system is the language barrier especially when information exchange is between two ports with different language. Linked with this problem is the difficulty in reading the information transferred, unless the two use the same writing system. Today, the effort in universalizing the system of writing or even the language had gone not much farther that is why, even in the information system, the hindrances brought by this problem can be clearly seen. There are a lot of systems of writing around the world but they can be categorized either in at least one of these three groups namely, logographic, syllabary and alphabetic (library. thinkquest. org). The first system, the logographic uses a single symbol to represent a word. The syllabary uses a single symbol to represent a syllable, which can then be combined to form a word. These two systems are of common use to many countries in Asia such as Japan, China and Korea. The last system, the alphabetic, uses characters or letters as the smallest unit to form syllables, which then represents a single unit of sound. Of these three, the alphabetic is the easiest to learn, mainly because it has less number of characters than those of the other systems that even has over thousands of symbols (library. thinkquest. org. ), although this is not necessarily mean that alphabetic is the most effective and efficient form to be use. Having the variety of system used in day to day encounter, the said variety is brought to the electronic-based system of communication which is the information system. The current information system uses mostly the QWERTY keyboard (home. earthlink. net). This type of keyboard specializes in the use of the alphabetic languages. Since alphabetic has only about less than 50 characters including letters and numerals, a unit can be represented in just one key, making it efficient for someone to key in words using the keyboard. On the other hand, system that uses logographic and syllabary such as the Chinese pictographs and the Japanese’ Katakana and Hiragana cannot have a single representation for a character since they are using thousands of characters and putting one by one in a single key for a character is not practical and even not an idea to think of. Solving this problem, there are two most common approaches in keying in characters or input text for non-alphabetical languages developed and are incorporated in the standard QWERTY keyboard so as to assist non-alphabetical language users to make input a little effective. These two are the radical-based method and the phonetic-based method on inputs (Hamzah pp. 311-312). In the radical based method, the standard stokes for a specific language is typed and then possible characters possessing the strokes you typed are prepared for you and then you select the right character that you are supposed to input. For example, there are 11, 172 Hangul characters but those characters has only 24 fundamental or basic strokes. Thus, to type Hangul or Korean characters, we only need to use 24 keys where every key has a unique stoke. This method is now commonly used in cellular phones. On the other hand, the phonetic-based input method uses the sound property of the alphabetic system in keying in characters. See Figure 1, courtesy of Hampzah p. 311 from http://www. pacis-net. org/file/2006/1104. pdf. In the figure on the previous page, if you want to key in non-alphabetic characters, you must first think of how the word is pronounced and then use its representation in alphabetic system. The original Japanese word can be pronounced as â€Å"tegakino† and thus tegakino must be typed in the QWERTY keyboard. Because the Japanese language have complexity in pronunciation brought about by words with similar sounds (www. japan-guide. com), then typing tagekino alone will not guarantee that what you are supposed to type is the right thing, so the system will then list characters with similar pronunciation as tagekino and now you are allowed to select the right group of characters that will fit or that you are intended to type. Noticed that in these two methods, the effort of input of a single character or a word is significantly higher than the effort it takes to input an alphabetical character or a word. This hypothesis is further proven by the study made on the input of Chinese and Japanese characters. The result of the study revealed that it takes about 36% of the total time of input of a Chinese character just to pick the right character from the list, even after the system of writing of Chinese is condensed and over 2000 characters are simplified (www. omniglot. com). Also, about 70% of the total time of input of Japanese characters account for choosing a kanji character that will be used in input for the intended Japanese character (Hamzah p. 313). Time is truly important in many of the transactions in the information system. More of the times, the data transfer must be done in real-time since the information transferred is either very important for the receiver or are controversial. Using the previous two methods of text input for non-alphabetical language, time is sacrificed and thus the flow of information or the processing of information becomes relatively slower, thus affecting great deal of transactions. Studies have been made in solving this issue and they come up with the idea of freeform annotation. Freeform annotation would mean that keying in characters will not use keyboard but by hand or through handwriting. This will use a somewhat scanning device that will scan the input through handwriting and then the system will match the strokes input with the characters stored in database. After the matching has been done, the characters selected by the computer will then be displayed and the user will be prompted by the computer to confirm if the selected characters are the intended characters of the users. However, only few are interested in making studies about the use of this method in information system (Hamzah p. 312). Other solutions that are now getting its way into the electronic system are those that are related to live translation. This would simply means that databases are to be build and programs would be produced so as to make information flow between users with different system of writing meet or be understood by both. Databases and programs such as Automatic Machine Translator, Multilingual Customer Support Platform and Glossary Builder will be utilized during data transfer to suit the preferred language and system of writing of the user (partners. wholetree. com). Thus using these innovations, the language barrier between nations with different systems of writing can now be lessen or even eliminated if more and more advancement with the technology and the linguistics experts’ cooperation in the succeeding projects. In the electronic age, the common problems that have arises concerning the language has been bought in the electronic-based system. Problems such as variations in the system of writing and the variations of pronunciation and usage of words are now a problem of the information system. Though there are assumed solutions to these problems like the annotation and translation processes, it is still difficult to solve the problems stated above. It is somehow linked with the problems with the variations of culture, for language is somewhat a part of it, that is why it is one of those problems that are almost impossible to give a definite solution. I am only saying it is almost impossible because I believe that through advancement and collaborative efforts, this flaw can have a solution. References Basic Information. 6 June 2007. http://www. japan-guide.com/e/e2050. html. Consider QWERTY†¦ the Typewriter Keyboard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  6 June 2007. http://home. earthlink. net/ ~dcrehr/whyqwert. html. Hamzah, Muhd Dzulkhiflee, et, al. (2006) A Video Analysis of Eye Movements During Typing. 6 June 2007. http://www. pacis-net. org/file/2006/1104. pdf. â€Å"Simplified Chinese Characters†. Omniglot: Writing Systems and Languages of the World. 6 June 2007. http://www. omniglot. com/writing/chinese_simplified. htm#simp. â€Å"The Development of Writing. † ThinkQuest. 6 June 2007. http://library. thinkquest. org/ C004367/la6. shtml.

The Decline of Literacy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

An decline has occurred in the amount of time young people spend reading. The loss of interest in teenagers for reading has resulted from the invention of the moving picture. No longer do teenagers open their imaginations to create a vision of stories portrayed in books. The visions have already been provided for them in the forms of movies, video games, and television. A common pastime for teenagers is movie watching. Every weekend, and occasionally week nights, one can find hundreds of young people at movie theaters. Great stories that were once only obtainable through reading have been made into movies, attracting millions of young people to watch. I recently went to see the movie remake of Stephen King's book The Green Mile. I had beforehand read the book. To me, the movie did not accurately portray King's book. Most of the young people I asked to compare the movie and the book told me they had never even heard of the book version of The Green Mile. I found the fact that movies have replaced the thrill of reading for teenagers very discouraging. Video games ar...

The comparison of Ben Jonson`s The Alchemist

The comparison of two plays studied in the second semester of the BA English Studies degree This essay is going to look at two plays studied in the second semester of the BA English studies degree- Ben Jonson ‘s The Alchemist and John Webster ‘s The Duchess of Malfl. The essay is going to look at the context of both of these plays, considering that it has had influence on the plot of the plays. There will be a brief pr ©cis of the contents of plays given to be able to discuss differences and similarities of both plays and try to find reasons for them.The satire functions in both plays will also be revealed in this essay. The essay is going to look at satire functions trough different themes that are revealed in both plays such as greed, gender, sexuality, social disintegration and others. Looking at these themes will again refer to the context of the plays to show how important it was at the time when authors created their works and what role does it play nowadays when audience become acquainted with these plays. When looking at any work of literature, the context of the time period, when this piece of work had been created is very important.It tells the reader what was happening at the time and gives him the chance to comprehend how it ffected the work of authors. Both of discussed plays had been created in the seventeenth century which is the early modern period of Europe, therefore these plays have specific differences from the plays that had been created earlier. There are significances of modern literature distinguishable in these plays. Seventeenth century was the zenith of Renaissance and it has been reflected in both plays. There is Italian influence observed in these plays.It has affected the language of texts, the description of settings, character names and other components of plays. References of Italy, Italian and Latin languages are used in texts. An obvious example is the play The Duchess of Malfl which is situated in Italy, uses It alian names for characters and includes the Italian language in the text. ‘A number of important critical contributions over the last decade treat Webster's play as a post-Reformation phenomenon written during a more settled period of the established Anglcan Church.However, English Protestantism still found its identity in relation to the faith it had renounced, namely Catolicism, whose home was Italy where Webster sets The Duchess' (Lucky] 77). When looking at the context of the time, the economic and political conditions in he country are very important as well. The time when these two plays had been created was Jacobean England revealing a particular condition of the country. Satire on different themes in plays can be seen as a response to this condition. A twofold political crisis was looming. The financial needs of the crown, as inflation eroded the yield of crown lands, had increasingly through the sixteenth century to be met by parliament, and under James I the relation ship between crown and parliament was beginning to manitest the serious tensions that were to result in the civil war' Conson 9). Authors of the time were worried about the situation in the country and therefore they discussed issues related to important events in their works.Another reason why they wanted to talk about them was to inform people about what is happening in the country. As situation seemed not very comfortable for English people, authors decided to use satire to let the audience see the happening from aside. Sarcasm was also used to let the audience relax from usual stressful life and have a bit of laugh whilst enjoying the play, at the same time understanding that it reveals the situation of Jacobean England. Religious position of the country plays a big role as well. England was an officially Protestant country, the citizens of which were, by law, members of the Church of England. The Elizabethan religious settlement had, nevertheless, compromised on certain key iss ues of reform in order to accommodate those who might otherwise have been reluctant to accept the new religion, and also to forestall reprisals by the Catholic powers of Europe' Conson 9). As changes in the religious condition of England were going on, the Religion was a very common theme in Jacobean plays.Both of discussed plays include the theme of Religion. All of these current events and positions affected plays at the time because these are the things which interest the audience and makes plays popular. Nothing is more important for people than what is going on around them in their lives, therefore the context of the literature work is very important. The content of both plays is quite different but there can be themes found which are discussed in both plays. This again refers to the context of the time, because themes of plays completely depend on it.The Alchemist is a story about three of the play ‘s central characters, Face, Subtle and Dorothy, who have entered into a contract by which they agree to work together for their mutual benefit- achieving wealthiness for all of them. The scene is set for a comedy of fraudulent characters and their potential victims. As the plot develops the trio struggle to work together because they cannot control each of their desires. The trio ‘s unscrupulous activities stop when Lovewit, the master of the house unexpectedly comes back.The threesome then turn upon each other and the most accomplished trickster of all wins at the end. This is a great comedy satirising greed in Jacobean society. The comedy gives releasing ending by showing that the biggest fraudster of all wins. This is sarcasm on what happens in the real life. The Duchess of Malfl is a story of the widowed Duchess of Malfl who secretly marries her steward Antonio, despite the opposition of her brothers, Duke Ferdinand and the Cardinal.Bosola, a malcontent courtier, is hired by the brothers to discover the secret husband ‘s identity, but th e Duchess bears three children without anyone knowing who the father is. Later, the Duchess is imprisoned and eventually murdered, together with her maidservant Cariola and two of her children. Bosola, who has turned against the brothers, then kills the Ferdinand. The Duchess and the eldest child of Antonio survive and remain thinking about his maternal inheritance. This play is a study of revenge, unlike the comic plot of The Alchemist this is a tragic story with characters dying at the end.It seems like both of these plays are very different but looking closer, it appears that there are similarities in them. Both of the plays reveal present events of the time and both of them satirise these events, they show how England as a country was seen at the time. The most significant difference etween these two plays is the genre, one ot them is a comedy, the other- tragedy, but not taking that into account, the viewer can see that both authors have tried to address the audience in the sam e way, satirising the most common events of their lives in their plays.The reason of different plots of the plays is different standpoints of the authors, but the key ideas are displayed at the same way in both plays. Satire works in both of the plays through different themes. Authors use sarcasm to make plays more interesting and exciting, usually satirising domestic themes. One of the most common themes satirised in Jacobean plays was the greed. The financial situation in the country was unstable therefore everyone tried to get something better for themselves to provide their material status.People were ready to do everything to get something to hold on to and this was very often satirised in the plays. The Alchemist is a striking example of satirised greed in the play. The main aim of all the main characters of the play is to obtain infinite treasure and they are willing to undertake any obligations to reach their aim. Greed is also noticeable in The Duchess of Malfl, in characte rs Ferdinand and the Cardinal, because their action is the result of their greed when they confiscate the Duchess ‘s property and get her banished from the state of Ancona.This play shows the result of the greed when one of the brothers dies at the end, proving that plays not only satirise events but also enlightens viewers and teaches them to not allow the same mistakes as characters in the plays do. Another important theme satirised in The Duchess of Malfl is the status of women and the role of gender in the society. Woman in that period of the time was upposed to be submissive and calm, however, the Duchess went against her brother ‘s wishes and remarried, and this is the reason of the tragedy which would not happen if the Duchess would act like she was supposed to.The play shows that women at the time had no right to have their own point of view and act without coordinating with men; it also shows what happened if someone went against the assumed rules. Both of the p lays satirises the social class system in the Jacobean England. There are members of all social classes shown in the plays revealing the ndications of the social status. Sexuality is also satirised in plays, for example the character of Sir Epicure Mammon in The Alchemist who dreams of drinking the elixir of youth and enjoying fantastic sexual conquests.All of these satirised themes show what worried authors and the audience at the time. Looking at these plays nowadays helps the learner to understand the Jacobean time period in the history of England and see what affected plays at that time. Now the reader can also call together the history of England and nowadays, see what issues had affected English literature and ow it has formed. Looking at two plays from the Jacobean time period has shown that the context of the time has had the biggest influence on the playwrights and their work.Even though Jonson and Webster have created absolutely different plays, they seem to reveal the sam e ideas. Both of the plays satirise themes that had been important at the time and are still important nowadays. Authors used sarcasm to let the audience enjoy the play but also to educate viewers about the situation in the country. Playwrights revealed very important matters in their plays like social tatuses, roles of gender and sexuality, the greediness of people and others and this shows that the audience gets both, emotional and intellectual release when reading or watching these plays.

The Procedures And Methods Of A National Health Care System

Overview This section of the project defines the procedures and methods used in completing this project. The first part shows various cases study done around the world to help us understand how healthcare center work. The second part explains into detail the different stages of the design process for this project and how they respond to the issues. Facing all these new health-care challenges, the Chinese government decided to carry out a national health-care reform in 2009 and a succession of strategies and policies were developed and implemented in respect to the health-care reform plan. The main objective of this new plan is to create and improve the basic and primary health care system covering urban and rural areas and to make sure people with these areas receive a secure, efficient, convenient and affordable health care service.33 China’s health-care reform concentrated on five key projects, including accelerating the construction of the basic medical security system, establishing a preliminary national essential medicines system, improving the grassroots health-care services system, promoting the progressive equalization of basic public health services, and promoting the reform of public hospitals.33 3. Cases study In China and around the world, there are many and creative design of healthcare center facility. 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Decision Essay - 1162 Words

Decision Everything you do is a choice. You choose the way you are living today. As we walk on the path of life, we are presented with cross roads and forks. Some are pretty obvious which turn we should take. However, not everything is easy in life. And in the fast pace life we are currently living in right now, we move so fast that we meet many more challenges than before and often, we hastily decide on the choices we make. You will make decisions in your life. Some of these decisions will be incredibly good and result with you experiencing a much improved quality of life. Other decisions will be poor, yielding little benefit, or worse, cause more damage than good. Yes, whether its right or wrong, it still is a†¦show more content†¦She realized her boss only wanted to squeeze more work out of her. In short, her current job sucks. Thus, she knew she has to move. Thats basically seems like a logical move! 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The Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South...

The Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South Africa After the Apartheid era, massive inequalities in income, health status, access to health care and other social services continued to dominate in South Africa. The Apartheid era was a system of racial segregation that was implemented in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Due to colonization, whites had ruled South Africa for several centuries, which resulted in the creation of a system that was constructed to serve as a legal framework for continued economic and political dominance by people of European descent (WHO 2003: Antiretroviral Therapy). The apartheid era came to an end as a consequence of both inner and global pressure and South Africa’s new democratic government.†¦show more content†¦Globalization will also be understood as the â€Å"opening and deregulation of economic activities- the removal of tariff barriers to trade, of restrictions on investment and capital flows† (Mayor, Nell 4). It is first important to understand the different domestic actors on the health sector in South Africa in order to comprehend how the health care system operates and how globalization plays a pivotal role in the actions of these actors. There are three distinct actors that have direct economic and political influence in regards to health in South Africa. The first actor that will be examined is the National Treasury. The National Treasury is responsible for setting the macroeconomic agenda and controlling the government budget. In 1996, the ministry introduced the GEAR (Growth Employment and Redistribution) policy. GEAR is the promotion of business confidence and it is aimed to catalyze foreign investment. GEAR imposes constraints on the resources flowing into the health sector because it requires the public expenditure growth to be lower than overall economic growth in order to show fiscal competence. 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Corporate Communication Strategies of Apple Inc-Free-Samples

Question: Choose and describe the Corporate communication area of one company of their choice. Answer: Introduction Corporate communication is the act of creating, improving and keeping up a brand image or reputation. Each business, of whatever size, puts resources into corporate correspondence activities to shape its image (Cornelissen Cornelissen, 2017). Corporate correspondence has been in charge of the overall achievement of many of the Fortune 1000 American enterprises, such as, McDonald's, Wal-Mart, IBM, Google, Microsoft, General Electric, Apple and Coca-Cola. In this paper the company Apple Inc. will be taken for analysis of its corporate communication strategies and abilities. Apple is one of the largest companies across the globe and is the leader in electronic gadgets manufacturing such as computers, laptops and mobile phones. They have one of the most active corporate communication departments. Company Overview Apple Inc. is the worlds one of the largest technology company based in California of the United States of America. A few of the very famous product line of the company include iPhone mobile phone series, iMac laptops and computers, iPad tablet computers, and recently launched Apple watch and Apple TV. It is by revenue the worlds largest company dealing with information technology. The company was first established in 1976 by three people Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. The first product was the Apple 1 computer. In 1977 Apple 2 was launched, business was fast increasing. The Macintosh series was launched in 1984 the first computer for personal use which people could operate even without knowing programming language (Rawlinson, 2018). In Internal communication, the aim is to advance great correspondence in a both sided process; it is tied in with sharing data and maintaining all Apple Inc. workers refreshed with any information and news relating to the brand. At Apple Inc., Apple must represent the brand as the ideal most by taking into account successful and open communication and correspondence systems, fabricate strong and solid connections among the workers while keeping them educated. Among all its products the particular product which took Apple Inc to the heights of success is their iPhone mobile phone series (Apple.com, 2018). The iPhone was first launched by Steve Jobs the then CEO in 2007, and soon became a craze (Titcomb, 2017). Every year the company started bringing out new versions of iPhone. Reputation Apple Inc. enjoys very stable reputation among the consumers and the stakeholders. Apple's prosperity and growth is somewhat because of its capacity and ability to fulfill stakeholders expectations and its responsibilities towards the employees and customers (Elsbach, 2012). For Apple's situation, stakeholders in a collective manner influence the business as far as client recognition and revenue generation. Comprehending about the proceeded with high estimation of its image, Apple adequately represents stakeholders in its techniques and approaches. For example, the organization tends to their environmental concerns through an approach on practical material sourcing. Apple has a very inclusive methodology in tending to the interests of partners who are critical to the business. These stakeholders groups propel Apple to enhance, and Apple influences them by catering to their interests. In terms of dealing with the internal stakeholders like the employees, Apple and its suppliers utiliz e in excess of 1.5 million individuals in 20 nations, the permanent number of employees working with Apple Inc. is 123 thousand, and each one of those individuals are treated with pride and regard (Statista.com, 2017). They communicate intimately with suppliers to end bonded labor work, underage work and exorbitant work hours. Apple conveyed the center business issue of working conditions to its suppliers and representatives through a wide range of techniques. Those organizations with sweeping supply chains, managing the suppliers has turned into a business basic. The company actively communicates with its stakeholders to give them the required information as per their individual needs. The stakeholder opine that the company is very prompt in engaging with the them about every information that is necessary to be conveyed. Corporate Communication FunctionFive Examples from company website- Apple accelerates US investment and job creation (Apple.com, 2018). Apple and Chicago join forces to bring coding opportunities to citys students (Apple.com, 2018). Emerging LA filmmakers create short films with small budgets and big ideas (Apple.com, 2018). Apple announces effortless solution bringing health records to iPhone (Apple.com, 2018). Apple Park Visitor Center opens to the public (Apple.com, 2018). In the above examples we can see that the corporate communication has remarkably communicated the activities that reflect the overall good for the society that Apple has helped in achieving. In the first news Apple highlights how it has contributed in the process of job creation and investment in USA. This action will make the government to be more friendly to the company. It will increase the goodwill of the company and also increase its employee engagement. The stakeholders of the company will have better perception about the company. This is their communication strategy. The second news will attract new talents to become a part of the company as employees. In the third news the strategy that Apple has taken to establish a good public relation is evident, it has opened up doors for creative film makers to make films with Apple devices, in this way Apple will engage more people. The fourth communication will make Apple a part of the customers lives as a health companion. In the fift h news article communication strategy and media relation of the company can be comprehended, in this news Apple is opening up parks and public engagement spots where more people will get the chance to use Apple products and know the company in a better way. Therefore the company has adopted a communication strategy that is interactive and engaging. . The above five examples clearly state that the company takes care of all the sections of its stakeholders like government, employees, customers and the community in its corporate communication. Recommendations Two recommendations that can help Apple in improving their Corporate Communication are: - It can send daily news letters to the stakeholders customized according to their nature (Lawrence Weber, 2014). The stakeholders and existing customers can be sent regular news letters about relevant new according to their position. The company may make the corporate communication system more interactive, where the people may reply to the newsletters and communication and their reply and queries would be followed up. Conclusion Corporate correspondence enables associations to clarify their main goal, consolidate its numerous dreams and qualities into a firm message to partners. The idea of corporate correspondence could be viewed as an integrative correspondence structure connecting partners to the association. Apple has been using the method of corporate communication very well in establishing its brand image and increasing its goodwill in the market. References Apple.com. (2018).iPhone.Apple. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.apple.com/iphone/ Apple.com. (2018).Newsroom.Apple Newsroom. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.apple.com/newsroom/ Cornelissen, J., Cornelissen, J. P. (2017).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Elsbach, K. D. (2012). A framework for reputation management over the course of evolving controversies.The Oxford handbook of corporate reputation, 466-286. Lawrence, A. T., Weber, J. (2014).Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Rawlinson, N. (2018).Apple was 41 years old in April, here's some history.Macworld UK. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/apple/history-of-apple-steve-jobs-mac-3606104/ Statista.com, (2017).Apple: number of employees 2017 | Statistic.Statista. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/273439/number-of-employees-of-apple-since-2005/ Titcomb, J. (2017).How the world reacted to the first iPhone 10 years ago.The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/01/09/world-reacted-first-iphone-10-years-ago