Decision Essay - 1162 Words

Decision Everything you do is a choice. You choose the way you are living today. As we walk on the path of life, we are presented with cross roads and forks. Some are pretty obvious which turn we should take. However, not everything is easy in life. And in the fast pace life we are currently living in right now, we move so fast that we meet many more challenges than before and often, we hastily decide on the choices we make. You will make decisions in your life. Some of these decisions will be incredibly good and result with you experiencing a much improved quality of life. Other decisions will be poor, yielding little benefit, or worse, cause more damage than good. Yes, whether its right or wrong, it still is a†¦show more content†¦She realized her boss only wanted to squeeze more work out of her. In short, her current job sucks. Thus, she knew she has to move. Thats basically seems like a logical move! But she also reminded herself that the job is quite stable and it pays her pretty well. Moving away from this job means moving away from a stable source of income into the unknown again. So, what can she do? What are the choices here? As I said earlier, theres is no right or wrong choices here. You decide which course of action is best for you. Here, the one that is willing to take a bit of risk and willing to take on new challenges for a better job prospect will naturally decide to leave for a new job. And the less secure will choose to continue with the lousy job. My point here is, dont blame the circumstances. Blame yourself if you find in a situation that you do not like. It was your decision that brought you to where you are today. Did anyone make the decision for you? Even if someone forces you to make a decision, ultimately, it still is your choice and decision. This is where the successful differentiate themselves from the average. They realize that their decisions today determine their future. So, its not a choice of lik ing. They deliberately choose to be what they want to be in the future. In short, what you do today defines what you are tomorrow. And all this boils down the decisions you make in life. With all of the saying, Ive madeShow MoreRelatedDecision Decisions : Decisions And Decisions1210 Words   |  5 PagesDecisions, decisions. Should I follow my heart and do what I always wanted to do? Or just accept the reality that my mind is telling me? This was a constant battle within myself in which led to a lot of sleepless nights and long talks with my parents, which were not always the greatest. Ultimately a moment in my life had come where I only had two choices. The choices were; either I continue to play soccer and go to college; or I would work and go to college. I had to reach a verdict, yet I had twoRead MoreDecisions, Decisions, Decisions Essay443 Words   |  2 PagesDecisions, Decisions, Decisions People make decisions every single day, even if they know it or not. Whether it is an important decision as in buying the right car, or a little decision as in deciding what to eat for lunch. No matter what the decision maybe, one has to make choices everyday. Although it may be the wrong choice later on, no one has the ability to look into the future. But one must move on even though it may not be the right choice. Robert Frost explains this well in â€Å"The RoadRead MoreDecision Analysis : The Decision1528 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Decision analysis provides powerful techniques to structure complex problems, identify optimal choices, and facilitate communication between the decision analyzer and the person makes the decision. One of the most important values of these techniques is that they enable decision making to be rational rather than intuitive or holistic. They provide a framework for rational decision making in an uncertain environment. As modern decision analysis has been studied for more than five decadesRead MoreDecision Decisions : Choosing A College1199 Words   |  5 PagesDecisions, decisions. Choosing a college is one of the most life-altering decisions that an individual can make, and choosing the right college is a stressful process for high school seniors. Personally, the process overwhelmed me, and I did not know where to begin it especially when my controlling parents did not approve any of my out-of-state choices. Although I have always been obedient and listened to my parents’ every command, I disobeyed my parents for the first time in my life when I decidedRead MoreLife Decisions Are An Individual Decision Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesEnd of life decisions are an individual decision. If able, we would all like to be able to decide where, when and how. Since most of us don’t get that choice, it is important to communicate and discuss with close family your personal wishes for your end of life decisions. I don’t think there is any one right or wrong answer, it is just important to be thoughtful and intentional with communicating our wishes. Euthanasia Euthanasia has always been and will always be a controversial subject forRead MoreDecision Making An Effective Decision1094 Words   |  5 PagesDecision-making is an important process. It can be a task, which needs a simple decision to be made or a difficult situation involving several issues. In difficult situations, there may be uncertainty and complexities, wherein there may be interrelated factors that could lead to high-risk consequences, the impact of the decision made could be very important. Every situation will have its own set of uncertainties and consequences. Interpersonal issues too come in the way of making an effective decisionRead MoreDecision Analysis : Decision Making1760 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Decision making is one of the most vital tasks that an entrepreneur, company, or managers are often called to make in order to alter the cause of a business venture or influence the course a business will take. Decision analysis thus entails the discipline of appraising intricate alternatives with regard to values and uncertainty. Value, in most incidences, is expressed monetarily and is a major management concern. Additionally, decision analysis offers awareness into how distinct alternativesRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1496 Words   |  6 PagesFacing Ethical Decisions How does a person determine what is right or wrong when making a decision? Most people faced with an ethical decision usually revert to their personal values that hopefully guide them through the decision-making process. Assessing values and morals are an important role when making ethical decisions and how others view a person after making that decision. â€Å"Once we grasp the underlying concepts of making important decisions, we need to know how to apply them.† (Fisher, 2005)Read MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1047 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Decision-Making The first step in the CPA (2000) ethical decision-making model is identification of the individuals and groups potentially affected by the decision. In the ethical scenario I presented earlier, the individuals directly involved and likely to be most affected by the decision include the 54-year old woman and myself as the counsellor. Those who will likely be indirectly affected by the decision would be the woman’s family, including her 20-year old daughter, and the agencyRead MoreDecision Tree Analysis On Decision Trees1277 Words   |  6 PagesDecision Tree Analysis A decision tree is a widespread technique of designing and envisaging predictive patterns and systems. It is a tree-structured design of a set of aspects to test in direction to expect the output. Decision trees are effective and accepted implements for prediction and classification. The value of decision trees is because of the reality that, in compare to neural networks, it signifies rules. Rules can quickly be articulated so that individuals can comprehend them or even directly

The Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South...

The Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South Africa After the Apartheid era, massive inequalities in income, health status, access to health care and other social services continued to dominate in South Africa. The Apartheid era was a system of racial segregation that was implemented in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Due to colonization, whites had ruled South Africa for several centuries, which resulted in the creation of a system that was constructed to serve as a legal framework for continued economic and political dominance by people of European descent (WHO 2003: Antiretroviral Therapy). The apartheid era came to an end as a consequence of both inner and global pressure and South Africa’s new democratic government.†¦show more content†¦Globalization will also be understood as the â€Å"opening and deregulation of economic activities- the removal of tariff barriers to trade, of restrictions on investment and capital flows† (Mayor, Nell 4). It is first important to understand the different domestic actors on the health sector in South Africa in order to comprehend how the health care system operates and how globalization plays a pivotal role in the actions of these actors. There are three distinct actors that have direct economic and political influence in regards to health in South Africa. The first actor that will be examined is the National Treasury. The National Treasury is responsible for setting the macroeconomic agenda and controlling the government budget. In 1996, the ministry introduced the GEAR (Growth Employment and Redistribution) policy. GEAR is the promotion of business confidence and it is aimed to catalyze foreign investment. GEAR imposes constraints on the resources flowing into the health sector because it requires the public expenditure growth to be lower than overall economic growth in order to show fiscal competence. Fiscal competence will, in turn, generate more foreign investment because other countries will perceive South Africa as an efficient and effective economy that will be able to generate capital. Thus, the government’s macroeconomic strategy isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Globalization1678 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Globalization Globalization involves shrinking or reduction of the world as well as an increased consciousness in regards to the world as a whole. Globalization is a term which is used in the description of changes in societies and the economy of the world which results in a dramatic increase in investment, cross border trade s well as cultural exchange. Globalization is dominated by nation states, economies of national and the cultural identities of nations. Globalization creates anRead MoreMinistry Of Health Programs For High Tech Medical Services Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesMinistry of Health provides funding to District Health Boards through vote Health. Each District Health Board provides funding to Public Health Organizations, Hospitals, Community Services, Disabilities sector with in the same district. Health Service Manager works in these public health, 9community settings .They are responsible for running and managing the organization by making ensure that all guidelines ,policies and procedures are followed up as per laid down by government. I am responsibleRead MoreGlobalization and Human Welfare1656 Words   |  7 Pages International free trade has become the foundation of neoliberal globalization. The main organizations for carrying out free trade are World Trade Organization (WTO) established on 1995, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB). The main aim was to promote development and trade. Trade has become the lens through which development is perceived, rather than the other way round . The concept of trade evolved right from Adam Smith and David Ricardo who introduced the concept of comparativeRead MoreEssay about Policies and Politics in Madagascar1182 Words   |  5 PagesMadagascar is among the countries that are termed as least developed in the world today (United Nations, 2001). The implementation of trade agreement based on agriculture sector led to sluggishness in the various market dynamics of the available grains. In addition to this, the quantity of grains was declining and as a consequence of this, the revenues generated declined at an alarming rate. The country was t herefore obliged to opt for food import. This step was taken as a result of reduction inRead MoreThe Effects Of Poor Infrastructures On Nigerian Government Parastatals2148 Words   |  9 Pages 149074128 EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS TO POOR INFRASTRUCTURES IN NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS In all these developments, there is the underlying assumption that globalization is good for all and that its benefits are shared out (even if not equally) all over the world. The more developed countries benefit while the least developed countries tend to remain impoverished and do not share in the benefits. The combined effect of the global fluidity of finance capital, the growth ofRead MoreImportance Of A Good Transport System1503 Words   |  7 Pagesexists to improve the transport sector. A little improvement-qualitatively as well as quantitatively- in transport sector means a huge impulse for overall economy of country. The essay will discuss the importance of good transport system to a developing country and also it explains how a good transport system solves the problem of traffic congestion, reduce the financial costs and environment damages. The transport system has its most visible and significant impact on socio-economic scenario of developingRead MoreEffects Of Urbanization On Food Supply And Human Security885 Words   |  4 Pagessocio-economic and environmental effects of rapid urbanization and population growth in the developing countries with particular reference to Africa. This source is useful as the author analyzes the magnitude and causes of urbanization and considers the impact of rapid urbanization on climate change, phenomena whose spiral effect extends to the future impact of global warming, health, food security and environmental change. As climatic and environmental effects of urbanization are most visible in major urban citiesRead MoreThe United States1518 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantage. For many years Africa has been floating in the U.S radar. The U.S has looked for ways to cultivate the land, understand the culture; people and strengthens its relationship with the African government. In recent year s the continent has grown significantly with the opportunity of U.S market access and the creation of new export trade avenues to Africa. In May 2000, The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), a unilateral, trade agreement between Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States,Read MoreThe Body Mass List Of The World Health Organization765 Words   |  4 PagesTrishnee and Jeewon (2014) found: in this study, we depended on information which was accessible on mean body mass list (BMI) by the World Health Organization (WHO), estimations of the six sorted districts, specifically, Africa, The America, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific (Trishnee and Jeewon, 2014). BMI qualities were accounted for by the WHO up to 2008. BMI has been all around utilized to asses a man s weight status and wellbeing concerning stoutness. A normalRead MoreThe Situation Of Education For Young Girls2639 Words   |  11 PagesThe situation of education for young girls in Sub-Sa haran Africa is very complex, difficult and troublesome. A vast majority of girls don’t get the chance to enroll in primary education, leaving secondary education out of the question because their foremost responsibility is to gather water from a local source. If they are lucky enough to receive an education, many of the young girls are forced to drop out once they have hit puberty because the majority of schools do not provide proper sanitation

Corporate Communication Strategies of Apple Inc-Free-Samples

Question: Choose and describe the Corporate communication area of one company of their choice. Answer: Introduction Corporate communication is the act of creating, improving and keeping up a brand image or reputation. Each business, of whatever size, puts resources into corporate correspondence activities to shape its image (Cornelissen Cornelissen, 2017). Corporate correspondence has been in charge of the overall achievement of many of the Fortune 1000 American enterprises, such as, McDonald's, Wal-Mart, IBM, Google, Microsoft, General Electric, Apple and Coca-Cola. In this paper the company Apple Inc. will be taken for analysis of its corporate communication strategies and abilities. Apple is one of the largest companies across the globe and is the leader in electronic gadgets manufacturing such as computers, laptops and mobile phones. They have one of the most active corporate communication departments. Company Overview Apple Inc. is the worlds one of the largest technology company based in California of the United States of America. A few of the very famous product line of the company include iPhone mobile phone series, iMac laptops and computers, iPad tablet computers, and recently launched Apple watch and Apple TV. It is by revenue the worlds largest company dealing with information technology. The company was first established in 1976 by three people Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. The first product was the Apple 1 computer. In 1977 Apple 2 was launched, business was fast increasing. The Macintosh series was launched in 1984 the first computer for personal use which people could operate even without knowing programming language (Rawlinson, 2018). In Internal communication, the aim is to advance great correspondence in a both sided process; it is tied in with sharing data and maintaining all Apple Inc. workers refreshed with any information and news relating to the brand. At Apple Inc., Apple must represent the brand as the ideal most by taking into account successful and open communication and correspondence systems, fabricate strong and solid connections among the workers while keeping them educated. Among all its products the particular product which took Apple Inc to the heights of success is their iPhone mobile phone series (Apple.com, 2018). The iPhone was first launched by Steve Jobs the then CEO in 2007, and soon became a craze (Titcomb, 2017). Every year the company started bringing out new versions of iPhone. Reputation Apple Inc. enjoys very stable reputation among the consumers and the stakeholders. Apple's prosperity and growth is somewhat because of its capacity and ability to fulfill stakeholders expectations and its responsibilities towards the employees and customers (Elsbach, 2012). For Apple's situation, stakeholders in a collective manner influence the business as far as client recognition and revenue generation. Comprehending about the proceeded with high estimation of its image, Apple adequately represents stakeholders in its techniques and approaches. For example, the organization tends to their environmental concerns through an approach on practical material sourcing. Apple has a very inclusive methodology in tending to the interests of partners who are critical to the business. These stakeholders groups propel Apple to enhance, and Apple influences them by catering to their interests. In terms of dealing with the internal stakeholders like the employees, Apple and its suppliers utiliz e in excess of 1.5 million individuals in 20 nations, the permanent number of employees working with Apple Inc. is 123 thousand, and each one of those individuals are treated with pride and regard (Statista.com, 2017). They communicate intimately with suppliers to end bonded labor work, underage work and exorbitant work hours. Apple conveyed the center business issue of working conditions to its suppliers and representatives through a wide range of techniques. Those organizations with sweeping supply chains, managing the suppliers has turned into a business basic. The company actively communicates with its stakeholders to give them the required information as per their individual needs. The stakeholder opine that the company is very prompt in engaging with the them about every information that is necessary to be conveyed. Corporate Communication FunctionFive Examples from company website- Apple accelerates US investment and job creation (Apple.com, 2018). Apple and Chicago join forces to bring coding opportunities to citys students (Apple.com, 2018). Emerging LA filmmakers create short films with small budgets and big ideas (Apple.com, 2018). Apple announces effortless solution bringing health records to iPhone (Apple.com, 2018). Apple Park Visitor Center opens to the public (Apple.com, 2018). In the above examples we can see that the corporate communication has remarkably communicated the activities that reflect the overall good for the society that Apple has helped in achieving. In the first news Apple highlights how it has contributed in the process of job creation and investment in USA. This action will make the government to be more friendly to the company. It will increase the goodwill of the company and also increase its employee engagement. The stakeholders of the company will have better perception about the company. This is their communication strategy. The second news will attract new talents to become a part of the company as employees. In the third news the strategy that Apple has taken to establish a good public relation is evident, it has opened up doors for creative film makers to make films with Apple devices, in this way Apple will engage more people. The fourth communication will make Apple a part of the customers lives as a health companion. In the fift h news article communication strategy and media relation of the company can be comprehended, in this news Apple is opening up parks and public engagement spots where more people will get the chance to use Apple products and know the company in a better way. Therefore the company has adopted a communication strategy that is interactive and engaging. . The above five examples clearly state that the company takes care of all the sections of its stakeholders like government, employees, customers and the community in its corporate communication. Recommendations Two recommendations that can help Apple in improving their Corporate Communication are: - It can send daily news letters to the stakeholders customized according to their nature (Lawrence Weber, 2014). The stakeholders and existing customers can be sent regular news letters about relevant new according to their position. The company may make the corporate communication system more interactive, where the people may reply to the newsletters and communication and their reply and queries would be followed up. Conclusion Corporate correspondence enables associations to clarify their main goal, consolidate its numerous dreams and qualities into a firm message to partners. The idea of corporate correspondence could be viewed as an integrative correspondence structure connecting partners to the association. Apple has been using the method of corporate communication very well in establishing its brand image and increasing its goodwill in the market. References Apple.com. (2018).iPhone.Apple. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.apple.com/iphone/ Apple.com. (2018).Newsroom.Apple Newsroom. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.apple.com/newsroom/ Cornelissen, J., Cornelissen, J. P. (2017).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Elsbach, K. D. (2012). A framework for reputation management over the course of evolving controversies.The Oxford handbook of corporate reputation, 466-286. Lawrence, A. T., Weber, J. (2014).Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Rawlinson, N. (2018).Apple was 41 years old in April, here's some history.Macworld UK. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/apple/history-of-apple-steve-jobs-mac-3606104/ Statista.com, (2017).Apple: number of employees 2017 | Statistic.Statista. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/273439/number-of-employees-of-apple-since-2005/ Titcomb, J. (2017).How the world reacted to the first iPhone 10 years ago.The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/01/09/world-reacted-first-iphone-10-years-ago

To Love Or Not To Love Essays - The Clod And The Pebble, Love

To Love or not to Love In William Blake's "The Clod and the Pebble," the Clod of Clay and the Pebble have opposing views of love. The Clod sees love from an optimist's view while the Pebble sees love from a pessimist's point of view. The Clod of Clay sings his verse about love; "So sung the Clod of Clay" (347). This gives a sense of jubilation. The idea of song is associated with happiness and glee. This gives the impression that the Clod is happy and that the things of which he is singing are also happy. The Clod of Clay is also described as "Trodden with the cattle's feet" (347). The Clod has been stepped on, though he does not seem to mind. The Clod is very optimistic. He knows that his purpose is to be stepped on. He doesn't resent his place in the world. He can see past his purpose and find meaning in his life beyond his job. The Clod's song about love says love is a wonderful and beautiful thing. He says "Love seeketh not itself to please, / Nor for itself hath any care" (347). The Clod is saying love is selfless. When a person is in love, he or she desires only to make his partner happy. A person in love wants only the things that his partner desires. The Clod sings, "But for another gives its ease" (347). This means someone in love is willing and does give up his simple life of being alone and dealing only with his own needs to share his life with the one he loves. When the Clod says "And builds a Heaven in Hell's despair" (347) he means that love can overcome anything. Love, in the midst of pain and suffering, can build a grand palace of happiness and hope. The Pebble in the brook has a totally different opinion of love. He sees love in the opposite way the Clod sees love. The pebble warbles his verse about love, "But a Pebble in the brook / Warbled out these metres met" (347). This means, in general, to sing, but it is more like a yodel. This does not sound like the song of the Clod. It is not nearly as jubilant. The Pebble lives in the brook. He lives in clear, fresh, moving water. The Pebble enjoys a life that is more peaceful than the Clod's. The Pebble, though living a life of comfort, is a pessimist. He resents his place in the world. He does not understand that being a pebble in a brook is his purpose in life and is his position in the universe. The Pebbles warble about love says love is a dismal and dreary thing. He says "Love seeketh only Self to please, / To bind another to its delight" (347). The Pebble is saying love is selfish. When a person is in love, he or she desires only to be made happy by his partner. A person in love is only looking for the ways in which his partner could fulfill his desires. The Pebble warbles, "Joy in another's loss of ease" (347). This means someone in love expects his partner to give up her simple life of being alone to share it with him. He expects to have an undisturbed life. When the Pebble says "And builds a Hell in Heaven's Despite" (347), he means that love disturbs a peaceful life. He is saying that love, in the midst of happiness and hope, brings pain and suffering. The Pebble only sees how love can break hearts when they are so vulnerable. Love can make a person helpless, weak, and powerless. The Clod of Clay is an optimist who sees love as a wonderful thing that brings happiness and joy to a couple. The Pebble is a pessimist who sees love as a dismal illusion that only brings heartache and pain. Bibliography Blake William. "The Clod and the Pebble." The Conscious Reader. Caroline Shrodes, et al. 7th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. 347

Most Followed Accounts in 2018 on Instagram

Most Followed Accounts in 2018 on Instagram Recently, such social network as Instagram became one of the leading social networks in the world and it keeps demonstrating how fast it grows. The impact of those who communicate with people via this social network around the world is impressive. The bloggers are now called influencers because they have an ability to impress and engage the audience worldwide. Let’s have a look at some of the most followed bloggers who dominate the social media with the help of Instagram. @kimkardashian Number of followers – 111,7 million Kim Kardashian West is a famous American reality television personality who managed to charm millions of people around the world. She is a socialite, businesswoman, model, and actress, so it is no wonder that her profile on Instagram attracts such a huge amount of those who admire her and like to check out posts in her profile every day. @hudabeauty Number of followers – 25,3 million Huda Kattan initially was a blogger who likes to showcase her love to a great makeup. She turned her hobby in business and each day she inspires millions of women around the world to be beautiful. She helps the process of makeup routine be easy and stress-free. Judging from a number of her followers, she manages to do it well. @pewdiepie Number of followers – 14,2 million PewDiePie is a Swedish social media influencer who manages to entertain a huge audience and, reportedly, earns around $12 million each year. Although he is often criticized for his at time inappropriate content, he manages to keep his followers interested and their number is steadily growing. @jennamarbles Number of followers – 4,7 million Jenna Mourey/Marbles is a vlogger and a well-known YouTube personality. She is a comedian and her exceptional sense of humor attracts millions of viewers around the world. She manages to present gender stereotypes in an entertaining way and her interesting perspective on the relationship and life, in general, is indeed engaging and enjoyable for her subscribers. @dudeperfect Number of followers – 7,1 million Dude Perfect is a sports entertainment group and guys are unique in their way. They manage to do the tricks which for any of us may seem to be impossible to perform. They do extremely challenging sports actions which amaze and, sometimes, it is even shocking to realize how easy it was done. Instagram is a very fast growing social networking service and new interesting personalities appear each day. Everyone has his own favorite personalities to follow. Some people follow the influencer who deals with cosmetics, someone likes sports tricks and someone likes a good laugh. We have listed only some of Instagram influencers who we consider to be engaging and worth our attention. If you are not following any of the above personalities yet, check out their Instagram profiles. We are sure you will enjoy it!

Economic Report of Ford essays

Economic Report of Ford essays In 1974, there was a large rise in oil prices which gave a large amount of purchasing power to the oil-producing companies. "Inflation, strong demands for credit, and the unwillingness of the monetary authorities to underwrite a continued acceleration of inflation drove interest rates upward, causing a slump in housing."(The Economic Report of the President 1975) Another weakening effect of the higher and "variable" rate of inflation was how uncertain the nation was regarding future rates of price increase. When 1975 began, the unemployment rate was at the highest level it had been in seventeen years. Production and unemployment were declining very fast. To increase business and industry and to create new jobs, Ford proposed a one year tax reduction of $16 billion. He said that three-quarters would go to individuals and one-quarter would be used to promote business investment. Ford said in his 1975 State of the Union Address that "cutting taxes now is essential if we are to turn the economy around. He also proposed a program that he said would "begin to restore our countrys surplus capacity in total energy. In this way we will be able to assure ourselves reliable and adequate energy and help foster a new world energy stability In 1976, the unemployment rate had declined by one percentage point, but it was still too high and must be reduced further. There was a 3.2 percent increase in employment in 1976. Real gross national product (GNP) rose by 6.2 percent, and employment rose by almost 3 million people. In President Fords 1976 State of the Union Address, he asked for additional housing assistance for 500,000 families. He felt that those programs would expand housing opportunities, stimulate construction, and help to house moderate-income ...

Phylogeny Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phylogeny - Research Paper Example According to recent studies involving molecular analysis of 18S rRNA/DNA, paraphyly was evident in Porifera. It showed that Calcarea (calcareous sponges) appear to have closer affinities to other metazoans than fellow poriferans the siliceous sponges (both Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) which inevitably showed a great amount of radiation between these two groups (Adams, McInerney and Kelly 34). These new findings actually go a long way in supporting earlier calls for the subdivision of the phylum into two. More empirical data on molecular analysis in particular of 18S rRNA/DNA was provided which showed that there is a stronger affinity between calcareans and ctenophorans than that which is between calcareans and other poriferans. Poriferans (sponges) have always been regarded as the basal living metazoans that are monophyletic as far as phylogenetic studies are concerned. The various relationships of organisms at the metazoan tree base remain largely unknown despite the fact that n ew trends of triploblast systematics are emerging which provides a clear picture of the lineage. According to previously done classifications, these basal metazoan organism have been put in different relationships using several markers except one relationship; monophyly. Earlier analyses of the basal metazoans (sponges, placozoans, cnidarians and ctenophores) have almost unanimously agreed that cnidarians and ctenophores have more close ties or relations with triploblasts than they have with the sponges (poriferans) (Hooper and Willenz 11). In traditional phylogenetic schemes the ACANTHOCEPHALA, ENTOPROCTA, GASTROTRICHA, GNATHOSTOMULIDA, KINORHYNCHA, NEMATODA, NEMATOMORPHA, PRIAPULIDA and ROTIFERA were grouped together as aschelminths or pseudocoelomates. Discuss why we no longer support a taxon of ASCHELMINTHES and discuss how those phyla are now grouped. Aschelminthes was used to refer to assemblage of polyphyletic meiofaunal sized animals which included several phyla. However the legitimacy of Aschelminthes as a taxon was questioned on the basis of lack of morphological as well as molecular evidence. Currently, these organisms have been declassified into separate phyla. It is sometimes useful to use the term Aschelminthes to refer to all previously organisms that were classified under it. On top of this, it has not been agreed upon whether the formerly known organisms in this group make up a monophyletic group. To complicate matters further, it has not been decided on which phyla to place the Aschelminthes. According to recent morphological studies, the Aschelminthes was described as possibly having two clades (Aguinaldo 490). The two clades are gnathiferans that are hypothesized to contain a newly formed taxon Micrognathozoa while the other clade is Introverta. The second clade of Introverta is thought to be a possible link between Scalidophora and Nematoida. There is a possible remote relation between the introvertans and the panarthropods but for the gna thiferan clade, it has not yet been established if it falls within the bilateral organisms for certainty. Both gastrotrichs and chaetognaths phylogenetic placements are equally unsettled owing to unsettled issues in phylogenetic analyses. There has been a relation between Gastrotrichs and Nematoida, gnathiferans and introvertans. However, more close affinity between Gastrotrichs and introvertans than the others has been recognized and led to the formation of a clade called Nemathelminthes or